Databases

A well-designed database structure reduces data redundancy and improves query performance, ensuring apps load quickly, retrieve data efficiently, and handle a large number of users without crashing.

Normalization is the process of organizing data to eliminate duplicates and maintain data integrity. It helps reduce storage waste and ensures updates or deletions don’t cause inconsistency across records.

Cloud databases like AWS RDS, Azure SQL, or Google Cloud SQL offer scalability, easier backups, global access, and reduced infrastructure cost. On-premise solutions give full internal control, making them ideal for companies with strict security policies.

By using indexing, caching, partitioning, optimized query plans, and distributed architecture, modern databases can scale to handle massive datasets while maintaining high-speed performance.

ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) ensures database transactions are reliable and error-free, even during failures like system crashes or network interruptions — essential for banking, billing, and critical systems.